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javac - Java programming language compiler - JDK 5 Documentation v1.2.2, Java 2 SDK 英文文档

javac - Java programming language compiler

SYNOPSIS

 
javac [ options ] [ sourcefiles ] [ @files ]
Arguments may be in any order.
options
Command-line options.
sourcefiles
One or more source files to be compiled (such as MyClass.java).
@files
One or more files that list source files.

DESCRIPTION
The javac tool reads class and interface definitions, written in the Java programming language, and compiles them into bytecode class files.

There are two ways to pass source code file names to javac:

  • For a small number of source files, simply list the file names on the command line.

  • For a large number of source files, list the the file names in a file, separated by blanks or line breaks. Then use the list file name on the javac command line, preceded by an @ character.
Source code file names must have .java suffixes, class file names must have .class suffixes, and both source and class files must have root names that identify the class. For example, a class called MyClass would be written in a source file called MyClass.java and compiled into a bytecode class file called MyClass.class.

Inner class definitions produce additional class files. These class files have names combining the inner and outer class names, such as MyClass$MyInnerClass.class.

You should arrange source files in a directory tree that reflects their package tree. For example, if you keep all your source files in \workspace, the source code for com.mysoft.mypack.MyClass should be in \workspace\com\mysoft\mypack\MyClass.java.

By default, the compiler puts each class file in the same directory as its source file. You can specify a separate destination directory with -d (see Options, below).

SEARCHING FOR TYPES
When compiling a source file, the compiler often needs information about a type it does not yet recognize. The compiler needs type information for every class or interface used, extended, or implemented in the source file. This includes classes and interfaces not explicitly mentioned in the source file but which provide information through inheritance.

For example, when you subclass java.applet.Applet, you are also using Applet's ancestor classes: java.awt.Panel, java.awt.Container, java.awt.Component, and java.awt.Object.

When the compiler needs type information, it looks for a source file or class file which defines the type. The compiler searches first in the bootstrap and extension classes, then in the user class path. The user class path is defined by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable or by using the -classpath command line option. (For details, see Setting the Class Path). If you use the -sourcepath option, the compiler searches the indicated path for source files; otherwise the compiler searches the user class path both for class files and source files. You can specify different bootstrap or extension classes with the -bootclasspath and -extdirs options; see Cross-Compilation Options below.

A successful type search may produce a class file, a source file, or both. Here is how javac handles each situation:

  • Search produces a class file but no source file: javac uses the class file.

  • Search produces a source file but no class file: javac compiles the source file and uses the resulting class file.

  • Search produces both a source file and a class file: javac determines whether the class file is out of date. If the class file is out of date, javac recompiles the source file and uses the updated class file. Otherwise, javac just uses the class file.

    By default, javac considers a class file out of date only if it is older than the source file. (The -Xdepend option specifies a slower but more reliable procedure.)

Note that javac can silently compile source files not mentioned on the command line. Use the -verbose option to trace automatic compilation.

FILE LIST

To shorten or simplify the javac command, you may specify one or more files that themselves contain one filename per line. On the command line, use the '@' character with the filename to specify it as a file list. When javac encounters an argument beginning with the character `@', it operates on the filenames in that file as if they had been on the command line. This enables you to overcome the command-line length limitation of Windows.

For example, you can list all of the source file names in a file named sourcefiles. This file might look like: 

     MyClass1.java
     MyClass2.java
     MyClass3.java
You could then run the compiler with: 
     C:> javac @sourcefiles

OPTIONS
The compiler has a set of standard options that are supported on the current development environment and will be supported in future releases. An additional set of non-standard options are specific to the current virtual machine implementation and are subject to change in the future. Non-standard options begin with -X.

Standard Options
-classpath classpath
Set the user class path, overriding the user class path in the CLASSPATH environment variable. If neither CLASSPATH or -classpath is specified, the user class path consists of the current directory. See Setting the Class Path for more details.

If the -sourcepath option is not specified, the user class path is searched for source files as well as class files.

-d directory
Set the destination directory for class files. If a class is part of a package, javac puts the class file in a subdirectory reflecting the package name, creating directories as needed. For example, if you specify -d c:\myclasses and the class is called com.mypackage.MyClass, then the class file is called c:\myclasses\com\mypackage\MyClass.class.

If -d is not specified, javac puts the class file in the same directory as the source file.

Note that the directory specified by -d is not automatically added to your user class path.

-deprecation
Show a description of each use or override of a deprecated member or class. Without -deprecation, javac shows the names of source files that use or override deprecated members or classes.

-encoding
Set the source file encoding name, such as EUCJIS/SJIS. If -encoding is not specified, the platform default converter is used.

-g
Generate all debugging information, including local variables. By default, only line number and source file information is generated.

-g:none
Do not generate any debugging information.

-g:{keyword list}
Generate only some kinds of debugging information, specified by a comma separated list of keywords. Valid keywords are:
source
Source file debugging information
lines
Line number debugging information
vars
Local variable debugging information

-nowarn
Disable warning messages.

-O
Note: the -O option does nothing in the current implementation of javac.
Optimize code for execution time. Using the -O option may slow down compilation, produce larger class files, and make the program difficult to debug.

Prior to JDK 1.2, the -g and -O options of javac could not be used togther. As of JDK 1.2, you can combine -g and -O, but you may get suprising results, such as missing variables or relocated or missing code. -O no longer automatically turns on -depend or turns off -g. Also, -O no longer enables inlining across classes.

-sourcepath sourcepath
Specify the source code path to search for class or interface definitions. As with the user class path, source path entries are separated by semicolons (;) and can be directories, JAR archives, or ZIP archives. If packages are used, the local path name within the directory or archive must reflect the package name.

Note that classes found through the classpath are subject to automatic recompilation if their sources are found.

-verbose
Verbose output. This includes information about each class loaded and each source file compiled.

Cross-Compilation Options

By default, classes are compiled against the bootstrap and extension classes of the JDK that javac shipped with. But javac also supports cross-compiling, where classes are compiled against a bootstrap and extension classes of a different Java platform implementation. It is important to use -bootclasspath and -extdirs when cross-compiling; see Cross-Compilation Example below.

-target version
Generate class files that will work on VMs with the specified version. The default is to generate class files to be compatible with both 1.1 and 1.2 VMs. The versions supported by javac in JDK1.2 are:

1.1
Ensure that generated class files will be compatible with 1.1 and 1.2 VMs. This is the default.
1.2
Generate class files that will run on 1.2 VMs, but will not run on 1.1 VMs.

-bootclasspath bootclasspath
Cross-compile against the specified set of boot classes. As with the user class path, boot class path entries are separated by semicolons (;) and can be directories, JAR archives, or ZIP archives.

-extdirs directories
Cross-compile against the specified extension directories. Directories is a semicolon-separated list of directories. Each JAR archive in the specified directories is searched for class files.

Non-Standard Options

-X
Display information about non-standard options and exit.

-Xdepend
Recursively search all reachable classes for more recent source files to recompile. This option will more reliably discover classes that need to be recompiled, but can slow down the compilation process drastically.

-Xstdout
Send compiler messages to System.out. By default, compiler messages go to System.err.

-Xverbosepath
Describe how paths and standard extensions were searched to find source and class files.

-Joption
Pass option to the java launcher called by javac. For example, -J-Xms48m sets the startup memory to 48 megabytes. Although it does not begin with -X, it is not a `standard option' of javac. It is a common convention for -J to pass options to the underlying VM executing applications written in Java.

Note that CLASSPATH, -classpath, -bootclasspath, and -extdirs do not specify the classes used to run javac. Fiddling with the implementation of the compiler in this way is usually pointless and always risky. If you do need to do this, use the -J option to pass through options to the underlying java launcher.

EXAMPLES

Compiling a Simple Program
One source file, Hello.java, defines a class called greetings.Hello. The greetings directory is the package directory both for the source file and the class file and is off the current directory. This allows us to use the default user class path. It also makes it unnecessary to specify a separate destination directory with -d. 
C:> dir
greetings/
C:> dir greetings
Hello.java
C:> cat greetings\Hello.java
package greetings;

public class Hello {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i=0; i < args.length; i++) {
            System.out.println("Hello " + args[i]);
        }
    }
}
C:> javac greetings\Hello.java
C:> dir greetings
Hello.class   Hello.java
C:> java greetings.Hello World Universe Everyone
Hello World
Hello Universe
Hello Everyone

Compiling Multiple Source Files
This example compiles all the source files in the package greetings. 
C:> dir
greetings\
C:> dir greetings
Aloha.java         GutenTag.java      Hello.java         Hi.java
C:> javac greetings\*.java
C:> dir greetings
Aloha.class         GutenTag.class      Hello.class         Hi.class
Aloha.java          GutenTag.java       Hello.java          Hi.java

Specifying a User Class Path
Having changed one of the source files in the previous example, we recompile it: 
C:> cd
\examples
C:> javac greetings\Hi.java
Since greetings.Hi refers to other classes in the greetings package, the compiler needs to find these other classes. The example above works, because our default user class path happens to be the directory containing the package directory. But suppose we want to recompile this file and not worry about which directory we're in? Then we need to add \examples to the user class path. We can do this by setting CLASSPATH, but here we'll use the -classpath option. 
C:>javac -classpath \examples \examples\greetings\Hi.java
If we change greetings.Hi again, to use a banner utility, that utility also needs to be accessible through the user class path. 
C:>javac -classpath \examples:\lib\Banners.jar \
			  \examples\greetings\Hi.java
To execute a class in greetings, we need access both to greetings and to the classes it uses. 
C:>java -classpath \examples:\lib\Banners.jar greetings.Hi

Separating Source Files and Class Files
It often makes sense to keep source files and class files in separate directories, especially on large projects. We use -d to indicate the separate class file destination. Since the source files are not in the user class path, we use -sourcepath to help the compiler find them. 

C:> dir
classes\  lib\      src\
C:> dir src
farewells\
C:> dir src\farewells
Base.java      GoodBye.java
C:> dir lib
Banners.jar
C:> dir classes
C:> javac -sourcepath src -classpath classes:lib\Banners.jar \
       src\farewells\GoodBye.java -d classes
C:> dir classes
farewells\
C:> dir classes\farewells
Base.class      GoodBye.class
Note that the compiler compiled src\farewells\Base.java, even though we didn't specify it on the command line. To trace automatic compiles, use the -verbose option.

Cross-Compilation Example
Here we use the JDK 1.2 javac to compile code that will run on a 1.1 VM. 
C:> javac -target 1.1 -bootclasspath jdk1.1.7\lib\classes.zip \
             -extdirs "" OldCode.java
The -target 1.1 option ensures that the generated class files will be compatible with 1.1 VMs. In JDK1.2 javac compiles for 1.1 by default, so this option is not strictly required. However, it is good form because other compilers may have other defaults.

The JDK 1.2 javac would also by default compile against its own 1.2 bootstrap classes, so we need to tell javac to compile against JDK 1.1 bootstrap classes instead. We do this with -bootclasspath and -extdirs. Failing to do this might allow compilation against a 1.2 API that would not be present on a 1.1 VM and fail at runtime.

SEE ALSO